🏭 Industry and Trade

🏛️ Government Bodies for Industrial Growth

Institution	Year	Purpose
Industrial Finance Corporation of India	1948	Making available long-term loans to industrial projects
Industrial Development Corporation	1954	Greater development of the industrial sector
Textile Committee	1963	Quality standards for textiles — internal market and export
Khadi & Village Industries Commission	—	Rural industrialisation, traditional crafts, village self-reliance

🏭 India's Industrial Landscape

🧵 Textile Industry

• Forms 14% of total industrial production
• Includes powerloom and handloom (labour intensive) industries
• Textile Committee Act 1963 — sets quality standards for internal sale and export

🐛 Silk Industry

• Functions under the Ministry of Textiles
• Research at Seribiotic Research Laboratory, Bengaluru
• Primarily in: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jammu & Kashmir
• Now spreading to states with tribal populations

🌿 Jute Industry

• India = top-ranking country in jute production
• Products: cloth, sack cloth, ropes
• Major exporter of jute products

🚗 Automobile Industry — "Sunrise Sector"

• India is a major producer of vehicles
• Vehicles exported to 40 countries
• Tractor industry = biggest in the world — 1/3 of world's tractors made in India
• Tractors exported to Turkey, Malaysia, African countries

🏗️ Cement Industry

• Important for housing and infrastructure development
• One of the most technologically advanced industries
• India = important global producer of cement

🧂 Salt Industry

• India = one of the top producers in the world
• Annual production: 200 lakh tons
• Iodised salt production: 60 lakh tons

🚲 Bicycle Industry

• India = leading producer of bicycles
• Made in Punjab and Tamil Nadu
• Main centre: Ludhiana
• Exports to: Nigeria, Mexico, Kenya, Uganda, Brazil

👜 Leather Industry

• Big industry, primarily export oriented

🎨 Handicrafts & Special Schemes

• Mega Cluster scheme — helps weavers through self-finance groups and NGOs (raw material, design banks, technology)
• Dilli Haat — market mechanism for rural and urban craftsmen
• Hand sculpting — labour intensive, small investment, high profits, export potential

🌾 Agriculture in India

Key Crops

• Major crops: Jowar, wheat, rice, pulses, oilseeds
• Cash crops: Cotton → cloth manufacturing; Sugarcane → sugar manufacturing
• Fruits and vegetables — processing industries emerging

Government Support

• Loans through rural banks and cooperative institutions
• Panchayat Samitis organise study visits, agricultural outdoor trips, farmers' get-togethers
• Training: soil testing, nursery, pisciculture, poultry, cattle/goat rearing, dairy farming
• District level training institutes provide guidance
• Financial help for building warehouses for storage

Modern Techniques

• Drip irrigation — efficient water usage
• Organic farming — chemical-free agriculture
• Machines for ploughing, sowing, harvesting, threshing

📜 Government Policy & Planning

Fourth Five Year Plan Focus Industries

• Paper industry, Pharmaceutical industry, Motor-Tractor industry
• Leather goods, Textile industry, Food processing industry
• Oil, Colour, Sugar industries

Industrial Licensing Policy of 1970

⛏️ Mineral Wealth

• Iron and coal play a major role in industrial development
• India has adequate stores of: Iron, Manganese, Coal, Mineral Oil

🌲 Forest-Based Industries

• Timber, Paper, Newsprint, Silk, Matchboxes
• Medicines, Paint, Lac, Bamboo, Rubber
• Precious stones
• Forest conservation: responsibility of central govt, state govts, and local people

🐟 Fisheries

• Sea water fish and fresh water fish (rivers, canals, ponds, lakes)
• Government support: harbours, fish seed incubation centres, training centres

📦 India's Trade

Imports (at start of planning, 1951)	Exports
Machines, Iron, Mineral Oil, Fertilisers, Medicines	Tea, Coffee, Spices, Cotton Textiles, Leather, Footwear, Pearls, Precious Stones

Internal Trade

• Via: Railways, Waterways, Roads, Airways
• Major ports: Mumbai, Kolkata, Cochi (Kochi), Chennai
• Commodities: Coal, Cotton, Cotton Textiles, Rice, Wheat, Raw Jute, Iron, Steel, Oilseeds, Salt, Sugar

🏖️ Tourism

• India's rich cultural heritage: places of worship, pilgrimage centres, river confluences, forts, caves
• Facilities through Tourism Development Corporation
• Hotel industry thrives in tourist places
• Employment: Guides, local transport helpers in remote areas, hospitality sector